You may think this question is not one for science, and you're correct from the perspective of traditional psychology. The studies on traditional dog training excluded the dog's perspective. 

Said in other words, studies paid no attention to what the dog was "thinking." 

It's an understandable oversight. Science measures stuff, and a dog's thoughts could not be measured at that time.

Dogs DO think and feel. This exercise gives our brains practice to visualize life from our dogs' world.

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Once we have an idea, we can meet those needs without applying dominance, pain, intimidation, force, or deprivation to make it appear as if we've accomplished our goal.

We may have gotten the dog to alter it's actions with those harsh methods, however, we may have also added stress. Dogs adapt, they will change their actions to avoid pain.

Instead of using pain, Values-Based Dog Training increases Understanding and creates new brain pathways for new behaviors while naturally weakening old ones. It allows dogs to enjoy stimulating their brain instead of avoiding things they associate with harsh training. It all works, just depends on who you are and how you choose to treat dogs and the humans around you.

I hope we have pets to enrich our lives, not to practice control over others.